The Federal Reserve appears to be creeping closer to an outcome that its own staff economists viewed as unlikely just six months ago: lowering inflation back to a normal range without plunging the economy into a recession.

Plenty could still go wrong. But inflation has come down notably in recent months — it is running at 3.1 percent on a yearly basis, down from a 9.1 percent peak in 2022. At the same time, growth is solid, consumers are spending, and employers continue to hire.

Money is the economy’s fuel. When it surges, nominal GDP (real GDP plus inflation) surges. When it plunges, spending plunges. This is what the well-known and robust quantity theory of money, which has been around since the 16th century and was in recent decades championed by Milton Friedman, tells us. It’s also what common-sense, do-it-yourself economics tells us: Substantial changes in the money supply, broadly measured, make the real economy and prices, with lags, go up and down.

Calling for recession is contrarian now

At the start of 2023, it was banal to forecast a near-term recession. Today, it’s a risky call. Most economists now see a soft landing as the likeliest way this cycle ends, for good reason. Inflation keeps surprising to the downside. Consumption has powered through high rates. Behind it all is a rock-solid labour market, which added another 200,000 net jobs in November, 50,000 above consensus estimates. As Claudia Sahm argued in our latest Friday interview, supply improvements foiled recession calls.