When Syukuro Manabe was working on his PhD at the University of Tokyo, late in the 1950s, he was part of a team that tried to predict rainfall. The team’s methods now seem painstaking and rudimentary: testing air to see how much moisture condensed out of it, and using those measurements to extrapolate the likelihood of future rain.

On a strictly mathematical level, engineers know how to design planes that will stay aloft. But equations don't explain why aerodynamic lift occurs.
There are two competing theories that illuminate the forces and factors of lift. Both are incomplete explanations.
Aerodynamicists have recently tried to close the gaps in understanding. Still, no consensus exists.

It has long been recognised that there are four “fundamental forces” which govern nature.

The substance of our universe is pulled together, or pushed apart by these forces which are determined by the fact they do not appear to be reducible to more basic interactions between particles.

They include the gravitational and electromagnetic forces, which produce significant long-range interactions whose effects can be seen directly in everyday life.

Two scientists from Japan and one from the U.S. won the Nobel Prize for Physics on Tuesday for their invention of an environmentally friendly light source. Isamu Akasaki, 85, and Hiroshi Amano, 54, of Nagoya University in Japan and Shuji Nakamura, 60, of UC Santa Barbara won for creating blue light-emitting diodes that have “enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources,” according to Staffan Normark, permanent secretary of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.